Preface

The biggest problems in cosmology are the "dark" proposals.  Dark matter, dark energy, dark flow 1.  I started to think about these problems, and came to believe that the constant speed of light was the problem.  The Michelson-Morely2 experiment proved the constant speed of light on Earth, and disproved aether dragging, but the assumption that it is constant everywhere must be questioned, as it is only tested in our Solar system.   I wondered if GPS time dilation could be explained by the speed of light being different at the satellite, rather than gravity acting on light.   In fact, what if it was noticeably different near the Sun?  By using only special relativity and Newton's inverse square law, this paper will describe how to compute the precession of Mercury3 to a greater degree of accuracy than general relativity.   I provide a fully fleshed out set of mathematical equations  which explain the nature of space, matter, time and energy.  This theory removes the concepts of dark matter, dark energy, and dark flow. The explanations for these phenomena is at the end of the paper.

Where general relativity proposes curved spacetime, this theory proposes that space is compressed in three dimensions around matter.  That is, matter "carves out" the space around it, compressing the space, which then decompresses over distance.  That is, this space undergoes space compression, when exposed to energy, rather than curvature as proposed in general relativity.   The complexity created by the equations of curved space in general relativity is not necessary, as gravity is incorporated into this theory through the inverse square law instead which explains how light propagates through the medium of space from a 3d sphere.  Light increases in speed as it moves away from mass, and slows as it approaches it.  This makes the framework much simpler compared to general relativity, and quantum mechanics, and string theory, but this simpler theory can explain the phenomena described by those theories equally well, or better, and they are explained at the end of the paper, after the mathematics are formalized and quantified.

Einstein himself said4 that a theory should be as simple as possible, but not too simple, and in reality, special relativity is too simple and general relativity is far too complex.  Specifically, there is an oversight in special relativity which is not immediately obvious.  What follows is a full explanation of that oversight, and how once corrected, a mathematical framework for the universe is unveiled.  At the end of the paper all of the predictions and observations of GR are accounted for, and then each of the quantum mechanics principles and observations are explained.

In order to explain all of the observations of all of those theories, this theory also needs to introduce a new atomic model.  The model is explained after the math on motion, and the predictions of the model are validated against measures from reality.

Reframing special relativity (SR)

Special relativity uses a non-inertial reference frame 5, which is a frame of reference that is undergoing acceleration with respect to an inertial frame.  While this is useful, it does not properly relate rest mass to energy, because the particle is not at rest, but is under acceleration, that is, there is a force being applied to it by the inertial frame.  To use rest mass, it is necessary to define a frame containing an object at rest, an absolute-rest reference frame.

Let an absolute-rest reference frame be a frame of reference where an object is at rest where there are no other objects on which to form a frame of reference.  Let an at-rest reference frame be an object that is at rest on an object that is travelling at a constant rate of speed.  An example of an at-rest reference frame is an apple sitting on the ground under a tree on Earth, with no linear motion in any direction, except the motion imparted by the movement of the Earth.  There is no acceleration in such a frame.

If we use the absolute-rest reference frame as a model of a small one particle universe then there are no other particles to interact with it, thus it must be at rest.  The particle has the energy of the rest mass converted to energy. This energy results in movement, but not linear movement, instead the movement of spin.  The at-rest reference frame is a frame with absolute rest, and it is resolves the problems with the non-inertial reference frame.  Let an at-rest reference frame be a frame of reference of an object at rest with respect to another frame.  Of course, this means particles spin in an  at-rest reference frame too, they simply spin more slowly than the absolute-rest reference frame.

Spin is very important.  It transfers angular momentum through additive space compression (explained shortly) and it provides the groundwork of the revised atomic model presented after the following math on motion.  Of course, Einstein could not know that particles spin, as scientists were unable to measure that at the time, and for his thought experiment, and his focus was on motion with relation to the speed of light, so he used a particle in motion.

$e=mc^2$ cannot be solved correctly

Even though $c^2$ is constant (the speed of light is the energy of a photon)  in the original special relativity, it can't be solved for unless E=1, M=1, C=1, that is, if you assign an arbitrary equal energy and mass, and stipulate that the energy of the photon is equal to the speed of the photon, a solution for c does not work.

Let e=3, the energy of a photon
Let m=3, the mass of a photon as energy
Let c, the speed of the photon be the energy of the photon
Let the frame be the non-intertial frame

$e=mc^2$
$3=3\times3^2$
can't solve this equation for c

Revised SR: the inverse square law

The inverse square law of gravitation, as defined by Newton6 fails to explain the motion of Mercury. The observed motion of Mercury when compared to the motion predicted by Newton, shows the prediction to be wrong, and this is known as the precession of Mercury's orbit.   The problem lies in the fact that Mercury lies near a massive object, the Sun.   If this time dilation can be taken into account, Newton's theory is correct, including his theorem of orbits, discussed later.

First, stipulate that c is a variable, not the value of the constant C, and that 1/c is the amount by which light is slowed down by space compression.
The usual measure of c is a measure of the speed of light

Incorporating the inverse square law, the constant $c^2$ becomes the expression $(\frac{1}{c\times distance^2})^2$

This new equation can be used to integrate special relativity with Newton's laws of motion, the equations of which are provided shortly.

The variable speed of light in revised SR

This theory introduces a variable speed of light.   The speed of light varies using the inverse square law, which describes how light propagates over distance.  The value c in the speed of light is controlled by space compression, which is responsible for gravity and the speed of light.

With the modified special relativity with inverse square law, the speed of light is different everywhere.  There is no absolute maximum or minimum speed of light, instead the "local speed of light" is metered by space compression., but still, the concepts of relativity still hold.  When a body is accelerated toward the speed of light, time slows because adding energy compresses space, which slows time.  Space can not be compressed faster than light compresses it, no matter how much energy is used, so the local speed of light is a local speed limit.  There is one particle, the neutrino, which travels faster than the speed of light, the details of which are in the atomic model section.  Neutrinos are very important in matter construction, magnetism and quantum entanglement, each of which are detailed in later sections.

The speed of light is metered by space compression.  Space compression is the cause of gravity, so it can be said that gravity affects light speed.  The reality is that spatial compression slows light and causes gravity.

Integration into the special relativity framework

It is not necessary to integrate the change to simplified special reality.  E=M(1/c * distance^2)^2 works in four dimensions.  Further, because the frame is an at-rest frame, there is no need for the transformations from one space to another.  Simplified special relativity is the only version of relativity needed, and because it describes rest mass and rest energy, it can be incorporated into all of Newtons's equations of motion, which deal with objects at rest.   The speed of light increases dramatically with distance away from mass, and this can be used to resolve the galaxy rotation curve7, and to compute the time dilation which leads to the precession of Mercury.  The math for both is provided.

Mass/Energy Equivalence

I stipulate that in an absolute-rest frame, distance represents the radius of that sphere.  Later, when used with the laws of motion, distance has various contexts.
I stipulate distance is unitless when the frame is an absolute-rest frame.

I stipulate that at rest, the distance is equal to the energy of the particle.
I stipulate that the shape of the particle which carves out space through compression is a sphere.

Let $e=1$, the energy of a photon
Let $c=1$, the speed of a photon is the energy of the photon
Let $distance=1$, the diameter of the photon

$e=m(1/c * distance^2)$
$1=m(1/1 * 1^2)$
$m=1$

Thus energy and mass are equivalent.  Any particle with mass less than a photon will travel faster than a photon, anything heavier than a photon will travel slower than a photon.  Here is an example using a mass greater than a photon.  The particle spins with energy = 1.

The speed of light around increased mass

Let the frame be an absolute-rest frame.

Let e=3,  m=3,  distance=3
Let $\frac{1}{c\times distance^2}$ represent the space compression level, how much light is slowed by space compression
Let the speed of light be $e * c$

Solve for c:

$c=\frac{(\frac{e}{m})^.5}{distance^2}$
$c = (\frac{3}{3}\times 3^2)^.5$
$c = \frac{1}{3}$
$c = 0.33333333333$

The particle spins with the 1/3 the rest energy of the photon, because space compression slows motion down around mass

When mass =3 , the speed of light is 1/3 that of a photon, or 1.

A particle that slows is refracted.  1/3 is the refraction index.

Computing the speed of light at a certain distance

1. Measure the speed of light at your location.
2. Use the inverse square law to calculate the speed of light at a certain distance

An example of this is used in the prediction of the precession of Mercury, presented next.

Computing the precession of Mercury's spin through time dilation

The orbit of Mercury undergoes more arcseconds of rotation than it appears it should.  The arcsecond rotation difference is caused exclusively by time dilation.  Since space compression refracts space is slows down light which slows down time.

Computing the precession of Mercury was the first big test of general relativity.  Unfortunately general relativity was "tuned" to Mercury and it does not predict how the speed of light changes outside of the solar system.

Newton predicted 5557 arcseconds of rotation, while Einstein's general relativity predicted 5600.

Let $N = 5557$The arcseconds of rotation predicted by Newton
Let $G = 5600$The arcseconds of rotation predicted by general relativity
Let $R_{1} = \frac{5557}{5600}$The ratio between Newton's prediction and general relativity
$R_{1} = 0.992321428571428571428571428571428571428571428571428571428571$

To determine how much time slows at Mercury,  it is necessary to use two predictions

The first prediction uses the point at which Mercury is closes to Earth.
The second one using farthest distance between Mercury and Earth.
The ratio between these two numbers is angular velocity and should be very close to $R_{1}$.

Time dilation at Mercury when closest to Earth
$C_{1}=299792.458 \frac{km}{s}$, speed of light measured Earth
$Distance=77000000 km$

Use the inverse square law to compute speed of light at closest point
$C_{2} = 299792.458 - \frac{299792.458}{77000000^2}$
$C_{2} = 299792.4579999999494362526564344746162927981109799291617473435$

Time dilation at Mercury when farthest from Earth
$Distance=222000000$
$C_{3} = 299792.458 - 299792.458/22000000^2$
$C_{3} = 299792.4579999993805940950413223140495867768595041322314049586$

Calculate the angular velocity between the two points

$R_{2} = \frac{C_{3}}{C_{2}}$
$R_{2} = 0.99999999999999810254680384550482417723121023862779174080119$

Since the angular velocity is < 1, time is slowed by $0.99999999999999810254680384550482417723121023862779174080119$

Since $R_{2}$ is very close to $R_{1}$,  the prediction is accurate.

Thus the observed motion (5600) is accurate  because time slows down by $\frac{C_{3}}{C_{2}}$.

Explaining the shape of the orbit

The orbits of bodies is due to angular momentum (1/c) of an object can be transferred through space compression.  The orbits of bodies are accurately described by the inverse square law,  but precessional orbits appear highly elliptical due to the inverse square law affect on time dilation.  The orbits are all ellipses, but the motion of the planet increases and decreases based on time dilation.  This results in  the exaggerated ellipse at Mercury, for example.  When Mercury is farthest from the sun, the orbit is elongated because time speeds up.  Nearest to the sun, time is slowed, so the motion is slower than expected.

The exact shape of the orbit can be predicted by modifying Chandresakhar's 8 modern derivation of Newton's Theorem of Orbits:

$F_{2}(r) - F_{1}(r) = \frac{L_{1}^2}{mr^3}(1 - k^2)$

The value of $L_{1}^2$ is replaced with $\frac{c}{\frac{1}{c}}^2$, which the angular momentum of the body.
The value or is replaced with distance for clarity.
The value of k is replaced with: ($\frac{ \frac{c_{1}}{\frac{1}{c_{1}}}}{{\frac{c_{2}}{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}}}$)
The value m is replaced with $m_{1}\times (\frac{1}{c_{1}\times distance^2})$ from $e=m(\frac{1}{c\times distance^2})^2$ from special relativity.

$F_{2}(distance) = F_{1}(distance) + \frac{(\frac{c_{1}}{\frac{1}{c_{1}}})^2}{m_{1}\times (\frac{1}{c_{1}\times distance^2})\times distance^3} \times (1 - \frac{ \frac{c_{1}}{\frac{1}{c_{1}}}}{{\frac{c_{2}}{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}}})^2$

if $k>=0$ then the orbit is attractive.  If it is less than zero then it is repulsive.

Calculating the distance of distance objects such as galaxies

There is no math needed to adjust redshift distance calculations.  They remain right.  Between the gulf of galaxies and solar systems, light speeds up to the halfway to the next galaxy, then slows down as it approaches the next galaxy, cancelling any extra shift.

Entropic-time

There is a rate by which the thermodynamic process of entropy proceeds, a rate of entropy.  This rate is controlled by the additive space compression, discussed in the next section "space compression and motion".  The speed of entropy is always the same as the speed of light.  Thus as the level of compression increases, the rate of entropy slows down.  In this way,  space compression gives rise to time as the fourth dimension.  The fourth dimension is not a part of the fabric of space, but an emergent property of the spread of energy at a rate of the speed of light.  The process of entropy gives rise to the arrow of time, as entropy can not be undone and always proceeds forward without stopping.

Compression lensing

The conventional refraction index for light in space is $\frac{c}{1}$, which means that space will not curve light. With the refined value of $c$, $\frac{1}{c}$ is redefined index of refraction in space.  Creating a wave in space (the doppler affect) borrows energy, which slows and curves the particle by changing the wavelength but not the frequency.   $\frac{1}{c}$ is the space compression level and space compression bends light.  A change in space compression is a change in a medium and causes refraction. Frequency is generated by the frequency of emission at the source of the light and is not affected by space compression.  See wave particle duality in the quantum mechanics section.

Since space compression can be considered a proxy for gravity, it is acceptable to say that gravity bends light, but there is no gravity field to interact with the light.  The light is curved due to refraction in the medium of space.

Compressed space

The reason that distance in E=M(1/C\times distance^2) ^2 is squared twice is because energy is distributed in four dimensions.  There are three real dimensions, plus the forth perceived dimension, which is the speed at which the energy moves, in other words, the speed of entropy, which is time. General relativity predicts curved spacetime.

A particle imparts energy to space equal to the volume of the energy of the particle.

Let m equal the mass of a particle
Let distance = diameter of the particle, which is equal to the mass of the particle

$E_{compression}=\frac{m(\frac{1}{c} * distance^2)^2\pi}{3}$

That is, the volume of energy of compression is equal to the volume of the sphere created by the particle.  Energy spreads evenly over three dimensions and reduces with distance in all three dimensions.

Confirming the predictions

The best way to confirm these predictions would be to send a probe to Mercury and a probe to Pluto, and at each take two measurements, the speed of light, and the current time using the most accurate clock available.  Each set of measurements shall be relayed to Earth.   It is expected that the clock and the speed of light will increase/decrease at Pluto and Mercury, respectively.

Space compression and motion

Each of Newton's laws of motion has been modified by inserting special relativity into it.  In addition, a modern derivation of Newton's theorem of orbits is included as well.  The equations in this section are based on the the combination of Newton's Principia Mathematica9

Angular momentum

All particles spin left or spin right.  Let c be the measure of the speed of light at the surface of a body.   The angular momentum of the body is $\frac{c}{\frac{1}{c}}$.   This fraction represents angular momentum in Newton's equations.

The law of space and energy conservation

Space and energy may not be created nor destroyed.  Space is compressed and uncompressed by energy inside of it.

The law of additive space compression

When two particles interact, the compressed space around them is compressed further by the sum of the two levels.  This is known as additive space compression.  The compression is equal to the energy of the particle multiplied by the mass of the particle.

Let $e_{1}$ = total energy of particle #1
Let $m_{1}$ = mass of particle #1 as energy
Let $e_{2}$ = total energy of particle #2
Let $m_{2}$ = mass of particle #2 as energy
Let $distance$ = distance between the particles
Let c = the new compression level

$c=\frac{1}{(\frac{e_{1}+e_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}} \times distance^2) ^.5}$

The law of kinetic energy and motion

An object at rest with respect to another body remains at rest unless acted on by an outside kinetic force.  When acted on by such force, kinetic energy is imparted upon the object through conservation of momentum, a property of space compression.   The object accelerates by the square root of the distance to the halfway point and then decelerates by the inverse square of the distance to the end point.

To compute the distance and acceleration/deceleration when transferring kinetic energy

Let f = force applied
Let a = acceleration
Let distance = distance travelled

$a=\frac{m\times\frac{1}{c\times distance^2}^2}{f}$

The above formula is based on f=ma, with the m replaced by the formulation e=m(1/c\times  distance^2).

The law of potential energy motion

When an object is moved upward, aether compression around the object decreases, and potential energy is imparted to the object.  If the object falls, this potential energy is used to compress aether again and the net transfer of energy is zero.  If the body has escape velocity, the body retains the extra energy as potential energy and travels away at a constant rate.  Aether compression does not drain potential energy, it simply borrows it.  When an object moves to an area of lesser aether compression, potential energy increases, and when moving to an area of greater compression decreases it.  The object will accelerate as aether compression decreases and decelerate as it increases.

a=$\frac{m\times\frac{1}{c\times distance^2}^2}{Emass + Epotential +Ekinetic}$

A spacecraft should undergo continuous acceleration when leaving the solar system, but the acceleration won't be noticed until the space compression reduces significantly.  It should be noted that an anomaly in the acceleration of Pioneer10 was noted when it passed a distance of  3×109 km from the Sun.  It began to constantly accelerate.  This is because acceleration begins very slowly but then speeds up quicker and quicker exponentially as the distance increases.

To compute the potential energy for a body raised to a specific distance:

Let $c_{1}$ = the measure of the speed of light at the surface of a body
Let $distance$ = the distance above the body

$Epotential= (\frac{e}{m\times distance^2})^.5 - c_{1}$

The law of gravity

Gravity is defined by $c=\frac{1}{(\frac{e}{m\times distance^2})^.5}$
$c$ is the level of aether compression, $e\times c$ is the speed of light.

Computing terminal velocity (absent atmospheric drag)

When an object falls if it has potential energy and/or kinetic energy space compresses faster than when there is no extra energy, as the energy is borrowed for space compression.  Because space compression decreases exponentially in reaction to the energy, the object accelerates.  When the object runs out of energy in excess of mass, it reaches terminal velocity and the mass of the object is considered part of the mass of the body it is falling toward.  At this point motion becomes linear and the body falls at a constant rate.

Let distance be the distance from the falling object to the body being fallen toward
Let $e_{k}$ be the kinetic energy of the object, $m_{p}$ the potential energy of the object
Let $m$ be the mass of the body being fallen toward

$a=\frac{m\times\frac{1}{c\times distance^2}^2}{e_{p}+e_{k}}$

Atomic model

Before I can talk about the fundamental forces, I must introduce a new atomic model.   This model is built around neutrinos.  The major particles of the Universe are neutrinos, photons of three flavors, electrons and positrons, protons and antiprotons, and neutrons.  There is math confirming this model after some the description of the model.

Mass

As the space compression level increases, space becomes increasingly solid due to the equal opposite force against aether compression.   The particle "carves out" space in a sphere of radius $\frac{e{_mass}}{2}$

Particles move at a speed relative to their mass and are slowed down by aether compression.  Mass is the same everywhere because the energy of each particle is slowed down or speed up at a constant rate compared to aether compression.

Particles of matter

All particles are composed from the smallest quanta of energy possible, the neutrino.  Neutrinos have spin, in either the left or right direction.  Spin is responsible for charge and each neutrino contributes to the charge of the particle.  Just like planets only spin on one axis, particles also spin on one axis.  A particle rotated in such a way that it's orientation of spin is up/down is still spinning in the same direction.  The atomic model described here is symmetrical, as every particle has an accompanying anti-particle.   The movement and interaction of neutrinos through spin cancellation is responsible for all of the major physical interactions in the universe.  All fundamental particles other than the neutrino are built from combinations of the particles created before them, thus this model replaces the standard model.  An explanation for the particles seen in accelerators is discussed at the end of this section.

Antimatter

When particles and antiparticles meet they do not annihilate, but instead cancel spin.  That is, R and L particles are attracted to each other and come together as orbits.

Atomic notation

When a left and right spin neutrino meet,  for example, an LR-photon is created.  This model includes L-photons, R-photons, LR-photons and RL-photons.  These different photons have roles in quantum entanglement and magnets, both of which are explained later in this paper.   All matter is made up of photons, both matter and anti-matter.

The fundamental particles and their configurations

Particle nu Particles & Spin Charge
L-neutrino 1 L -
R-neutrino 1 R +
L-photon 2 L+L -
R-photon 2 R+R +
LR or RL-photon 2 L+R or R+L 0
positron 3 LR + L +
electron 3 R + LR -
proton 5 LRL RL +
antiproton 5 RLR LR +
neutron 8 RLRLRLRL 0
anti-neutron 8 LRLRLRLR 0

The underlined particles represent fused bonds, the strong nuclear force.  The + indicate weaker bonds through spin cancellation, the weak nuclear force.  The fused bonds happen during fusion in stars, and stellar explosions.  There is more on the specific creation process for each particle in the cosmology section at the end of the paper, but essentially when enough energy is applied two smaller particles are fused into a bigger particle.  For example, the neutron is a proton fused with an electron via a supernova.  You will notice that LL and RR photons don't normally make up matter.  They are important in quantum entanglement and ferromagnetism, discussed later.

The formula for Hydrogen is LRLRLRLR which is the same as a neutron, which is a proton orbiting an electron.   Thus hydrogen gas is a cloud of neutrons.  Helium is more complex, it consists of neutrons (hydrogen) tightly bound to itself through fusion, surrounded by protons and electrons.  Thus, it has the form RLRLRLRL + RLRLRLRL RLRLRLRL LRLRL RLR, that is, at the left and right (the outside of the atom) are electrons, then inside that protons, then inside that neutrons.

The interior of an atom

All atoms are constructed from photons, which are constructed from neutrinos.  An electron is constructed from an RL-photon and a LL-photon, and a positron from an LR-photon and a RR-photon.  A proton consists of a positron and a photon.  A neutron is made from 10 photons, and a proton and an electron, combined.  The heaviest of the particles is the neutron.   Anti-neutrons don't exist, as their formulation would be identical to the neutron.

Neutrons crowd at the center of an atom because they are massive and rotate around each other at high speeds.   Protons are lighter by 4NU, so they rotate around the neutrons, or occupy the center of the nucleus in atoms without a neutron.  The electrons are very light.  They are lighter than a neutron by 6NU.  The electrons orbit at a considerably greater distance.

When a photon strikes an electron, 2NU of energy is added to the electron and the distance from the nucleus is increased because the particle is able to compress more space and tries to leave orbit.  The energy is quickly siphoned off by space compression and the photon returns to its original state.  This phenomenon is known as the quantum leap.  Photons do not have enough energy to penetrate protons or neutrons, so they do not experience such leaps.

Identifying the neutrino

As described, an electron is three NU, or the mass of three neutrinos:

Let $e$ =rest mass of an electron($0.5109989\frac{MeV}{c^2}$)

Let $NU$ = rest mass of a neutrino
$NU=\frac{e}{3}$

Energy of neutrino:
$0.170333 MeV/c^2$

Referring to the standard model11, we can find a particle that has the rest mass very close to that of a nuetrino.  It is the muon neutrino.

Confirming the model

Confirming the structure of a neutron

Given that an electron is 3NU, it is a pretty good confirmation of the model, but it can be further confirmed by ensuring that the prediction that a neutron is the sum of a proton and an electron matches the real masses of those particles.

Let M1 = mass of proton
Let M2 = mass of electron
Let M3 = mass of neutron
$M1=1.672622\times10^-27$
$M2=9.10938291\times10^-31$
$M3=.674927\times10^-24$
$M3-M1+M2=9.10938\times10^-31$
M3 in joules$1.50535\times10^-10 \frac{J}{c^2}$

The mass of an electron and a photon add up to the mass of a neutron.  There is a little more mass, but this is accounted for by energy used for additive space compression.   The energy used for space compression is M3 in joules.

Reconciling the standard model

What the standard model identifies as the charm quark in an accelerator is actually the neutrino.  In the standard model anything other than a charm quark can be discarded, as they are imaginary particles.  Since space compression creates mass when two energetic particles are smashed into each other in a collider,  a great deal of energy is released, and the two particles creates new particles through fusion that don't exist naturally, in addition to creating fundamental particles through the energy release.

A good analogy is the creation of transuranic elements such as technetium.  Technetium is never stable, and neither are the imaginary particles. They decompose into other elementary particles because there is not enough energy to hold them together.  It is this decomposition process the leads to all the different particles in the standard model.

Determining the structure of the top quark

Let $Q = 174.2 \frac{GeV}{c}^2$, the energy of the top quark
Let the voltage of the top quark be positive
Let $M=0.9395654\frac{GeV}{c^2}$, mass of neutron
Let $particles = \frac{M}{Q}$

$particles = 185.405$

Thus there are 185 neutrons, 1 positron (positive energy), and $.005 \frac{GeV}{c^2}$ of energy used for space compression in the top quark.

The top quark is the heaviest imaginary particle.

Forces and fields

Angular momentum transfer (orbits) replace the weak and strong forces

The atomic model above explained how all matter is constructed of rotating systems of particles.  For example, the Neutron is a electron orbiting a proton, each of which are composed of orbiting photons, which are composed of orbiting Neutrinos.  At the end of the paper there is a cosmology section that deals with the creation of all matter, and describes how fusion assembed these bound particles together into orbits.  Since "gravity" is the force holding the particles together, there is not need for nuclear forces.

Electromagnetism

All particles but the LR-photon and the neutron carry charge.   Iron, is made in the last phase of the massive stars.  In these stars, both iron and anti-iron are created in approximately equal amounts (see the evolution of the universe in the cosmology section).  When iron is found in nature, it is made of equal amounts of iron and anti-iron, the particles of which feature an attraction to a matter or antimatter counterpart.  These attract each other a opposite poles, and thus there is a positively charged end and negatively charged end present at each sides of the magnet.   Anti-iron has positrons (RL+R) in the outer shell, the regular iron has electrons (LR+L) in the outer shell.  These attract the two particles to form RL+R+L+RL bonds between the particles in the magnet.    In the regular iron, the LR+L structure of the electrons allows the L-neutrino to be pulled away from the electron.  In the anti-iron, the positrons have an R-neutrino which can be pulled away.

Remembe that photons normally take the form LR or RL, but L+L and R+R photons are possible as well, but only briefly since like spins repel and opposite spins attract, thus L+L and R+R photons fly apart as soon as they form.  This is important, because it is the key to magnetic force.

The attractive force in the magnet on one side is so strong, that it is breaks the attractive force between the third neutrino in the electron or positron.  The attractive force from the opposite side of the magnet pulls away a free L-neutrino, or R-neutrino, which then moves in a arc outside of the physical shape of the magnet to the other pole where the external particle in the attaches to the electron or positron.  Thus R+LR becomes L+LR and L+RL becomes LR+R.   R+R bonds and L+L bonds repel, so the photons continuously hop from one pole to next pole and then hop back again.

Attraction

Two magnets are attracted due to angular momentum cancellation by particle spin.   The magnets compress space as they come together, which uses energy for additive aether compression, and when pulled apart the energy is returned to the space.

The electromagnetic field is described by the inverse square law

The force at either end of the magnet is half the total mass of the magnet, because each pole carries half the force.  The force decreases by the inverse square law.

Let there be a magnet of any mass M.
Let distance be the distance from the pole of the magnet
Let f describe the force of the magnet at each pole

$f = \frac{\frac{1}{M\times distance^2}}{2}$

Black holes

Entropy must proceed inside of  black hole because entropy can not stop.  The speed of entropy slows down as the space compression level increases, because light slows down.   Inside a black hole time becomes so slow that it effectively stops with respect to clocks outside the horizon, but it is not really stopped.  It is a kind of Zenu's paradox - the closer you get the higher the compression, you grow progressively slower and you'll never reach the center.   This is because anything falling toward the core slows down perpetually as the compression increases.

What happens when matter falls into a black hole

All matter is made of photons.  As matter falls into a black hole it is shredded  into neutrinos.  The energy released by the shredding results in jets of energy being released from the black hole.   Since a photon contains two particles, the left spinning particle moves left in the black hole and the right spinning particle moves right.  Both particles travel in an orbit around the black hole which can be visualized like a whirlpool.  Time slows exponentially in the whirlpool as you approach the bottom.

When the particles collide with each other reality plays back at the speed of a photon because aether compression slows time as the particles meet.  This process continually happens over and over again as the particles fall toward the center.

Time evolution in a black hole

In the black hole, a piece of matter than falls into the black hole. Entropy slows progressively between T1 and T2, and T2 and T3, and so forth.   An object falling into the black hole will fall in forever and never reach the center of the black hole.

Since external reality plays out inside the of a black hole at the speed of photons, it is impossible to determine if the reality we experience is the experience of a planet in the milky-way galaxy, or if we are the reflection of that galaxy in the black hole at the center of the it.

Cosmology

The nature of the Universe

There is plenty of evidence for a big bang.  It is possible to use the at-rest reference frame to formulate a model of the universe before the big bang.  In this at-rest frame, all of the energy of the universe is in one place, spinning.   Somehow, as if some switch is thrown, a spark of energy is added, the source of which is unknown.  The simplest, and most likely explanation for this addition of kinetic energy is that there is more than one universe.  When the two universes struck, they exchanged energy.   The energy is kinetic energy and as such, the single particle flew about in all directions. According to the law of kinetic motion, adding kinetic energy causes a body to accelerate and then decelerate to a stop.  Thus, the universe very quickly expanded to it's halfway point, then decelerating, stopping at the edge of the universe.  Since space can not be created or destroyed according to the law of energy and space conservation, the universe is not expanding, which would create space.    The universe will not contract, either.   This means that there will be no heat death of the universe.   Energy would be transferred away from the universe as the point where the universes collided.  There is evidence for this in the WMAP 13.  The cosmic background radiation cold spot is the place where the two universes struck, and is the center of the Universe.

It is likely that the our Universe is fractal in nature.  Our Universe is nested in another Universe, which is nested in another Universe, and so forth.

The evolution of the Universe

In the early universe after the big bang, there existed only a cloud of L-neutrinos and R-neutrinos. Since the neutrinos have mass, the left and right neutrinos form clouds of loosely bound LR-photons, which then collapse into dark ultramassive stars, the most massive stars to have ever existed. Fusion in these welds the neutrinos together into LR-photons and light is created.

Once enough LR-photons are created, the star can not hold together and it explodes in an ultranova. The resulting stellar collapse formed ultramassive black holes, the enormous objects which are the foundation for the filaments in the universe. After the explosion, the LR-photons and remaining L and R orbit to form electrons and positrons. This matter collapses into supermassive stars where fusion produces protons and anti-protons.

Once neutron production starts, the stars explode again. All of the material collapses again into supermassive stars, which fuse together neutrons and form hydrogen.

Once helium production begins these explode again, and the energy of the explosion forms helium and many of the basic elements, and the black hole produced forms the center of galaxies. Again, this matter collapsed into a new generation of stars, the massive stars. In these stars, fusion procedes to iron. When those stars exploded it created all the elements we know via fusion, and finally the final generation of stars formed, today's generation.

Resolving the remaining problems in general relativity

Galaxy rotation curve (dark matter)

The observation that the angular velocity on the outside of a galaxy compared to the inside of the galaxy was wrong, led to the hypothesis that there is dark matter in the universe that is not visible, but has mass to provide gravitation.  As gravity does not cause mass, but rather space compression does,  there is no basis for dark matter.

The effect of space compression on light is similar to the time dilation in general relativity, but the speed increases as the light moves away from the center of mass continuously.

Near the core of the galaxy time is slowed greatly, just as Mercury is slowed, and GR predicts this correctly.  In a spiral galaxy, the edge of the galaxy has a much lower amount of matter, and the stars are very far away from the center of the galaxy.  This combines to result in a much faster than expected angular velocity compared to GR.

The math to compute the accelerated angular velocity without using dark matter

Let $distance$ = distance to the star from earth
Let $C_{1}$ = the measure of speed of light on earth
Let $C_{2} = C_{1}\times distance^2$, compute the speed of light at the target
Let $R = \frac{C_{2}}{C_{1}}$, the rate at which time is sped up at the star

Accelerating expansion of the universe (dark energy)

Because space may not be created or destroyed, it is very likely that the universe is a disk of matter which thins at the edges, just like a spiral galaxy.  If this is the case, the redshift is due to the universe thinning at the edges.  There appears to be a symmetry to the universe.  That is, particles look like solar systems, atoms look like galaxies, solar systems look like atoms, galaxies look like solar systems, thus it is likely that the universe looks like a galaxy too.

It is possible to quantify the speedup of light at the edge of the Universe
$Let C_{1}$ = the speed of Light at the surface of earth, 299792
Let distance = 46 billion light years in km,  = 4.35184307 × 1023

Compute the speed of light at edge of universe using distance:
$a=C_{1}\times distance^2$
$C_{2}=299792 + (299792\times (4.35184307^{10})^2)$
$C_{2}=1.7794449651608627997907414246493235975712931874725206854\times 10^{18}\frac{km}{s}$

Dark flow

Galaxies appear to move to fast due to the variable speed of light.  In particular, galaxies near the edge of the galaxy will appear to move far too fast.  The math for computing the actual speed of light at the edge of space is the same as the solution for the galaxy curve problem.

The same speedup responsible for the perceived acceleration of the universe is responsible for dark flow.

Gravity waves

Gravity waves do not exist.  Interactions between differently compressed space are additive.  Two black holes rotating lose energy through increasing space compression, not through gravity waves.

Frame-dragging

The faster a body rotates the more energy it has.  space is compressed relative to the total mass-equivalent energy of the rotating body.  This means it will increase space compression, affecting the orbit of the of nearby bodies.

Why is time travel impossible

Since time itself doesn't exist, it is impossible to travel in time.  Often time travel is proposed by using exotic energy to 'bend space' .  This is impossible.  As energy is added to a volume of space, space compresses and time slows down.  Space doesn't bend, it just compresses with response to energy.  You would effectively encase yourself in a volume of space where time has effectively stopped.  To put the final nail in the coffin, time can only be measured through entropy.  Entropy does not reverse.  You can not travel back in time because you would have to unwind entropy to get there.

Gravitational time dilation

Computing the precession of Mercury shows that gravitational time dilation exists as described by this theory.

Resolving the problems in Quantum Mechanics

Wave/particle duality

A neutrino is a spinning quanta of energy that displaces space around it.  All particles are made of neutrinos.   As the particle moves through space, the space is compressed.  This compression creates a wave via the Doppler effect.  space is compressed in front of the particle and decompresses behind the particle.  An analogy might be the shape of a comet.  The wavelength depends on the level of space compression, which can be considered an index of refraction.

Uncertainty Principle

When you use a device to measure something, the space compression level increases which causes the particles being examined to slow down slightly.  In the dual slit experiment, for example, the particles of light are slowed down by the measurement device because as the device approaches the particle being measured, it is slowed through additive space compression.

Quantum Entanglement

When two photons are entangled the particles are brought together in such a way that you end up with a pair of orbiting L-photons and R-photons.  Since like charges repel, like in electromagnetism, the particles rotate in a 4 particle system at the speed of neutrinos, which is faster than light.  Recent experimental evidence shows that a photon can be entangled with itself.  In this case the spin of an LR-photon is modified by adding energy so that it becomes a pair of L-neutrinos.  Because energy was added, one of the L-neutrinos orbits the other L-neutrino and they do not fly apart.

Spontaneous particle generation

When an LL photon and an LR photon collide, there is not enough energy to fuse them together (this only happens in novae) and they break apart into four neutrinos.  These will form back into photons quickly, and the neutrinos are gone.

Quantum tunneling

Spontaneous particle creation sometimes creates a particle right next to another particle.  Two pieces of mass can not exist in the same place, and the particle is pushed through space faster than light.  There is no borrowed energy.  The particle that caused the movement was created from space and will return to space, and imparted no kinetic energy on the other particle.

No information is lost in a black hole because time gets slower and slower inside.  Anything that falls in is preserved. There is no Hawking radiation.  If a photon spontaneously generates next to a black hole it does so from the energy stored in space.  This is in contrast to QM which holds that the particles are created from energy of light as mass.  Because the energy comes from the energy already in space, it means that the energy is conserved if one particle falls in.

Let $c$ be the measure of the speed of light before the storm
Let $R_{1}$ be the rate of radioactivity before the neutron storm
Let $R_{2}$ be the rate during the storm
$e=(\frac{m}{c\times \frac{R_{2}}{R_{1}}})^2$
$neutrinos = \frac{e}{z}$